Bobolink

The Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, is a small New World blackbird, the only member of genus Dolichonyx.

Adults are 16-18 cm long with a short finch-like bill. The adult male is mainly black with a creamy nape and white scapulars, minor back and rump. The adult female is mainly light brown with black streaks on the back and flanks and dark stripes on the head; their wings and tail are darker.

Their breeding habitat is open grassy fields, particularly hay fields, across North America. The female lays 5 to 6 eggs in a cup nest on the ground, usually well-hidden in dense vegetation. Both parents feed the young birds.

These birds migrate to Argentina and Paraguay. They often wander in flocks, feeding on cultivated grains and rice, which leads to them being considered a pest by farmers in some areas. These long distance migrants occur as very rare vagrants to Western Europe.

Bobolinks forage on or near the ground and mainly eat seeds and insects.

The male sings a bright bubbly song in flight which gave this species its ordinary name.

The numbers of these birds are declining due to loss of habitat. Originally, they were found in tall grass prairie and other open areas with dense grass. Although hay fields are suitable nesting habitat, fields which are harvested many times in a season may not allow sufficient time for the young birds to fledge. This species improved in numbers when horses were the primary mode of transportation, requiring larger supplies of hay.

Surety bond

A surety bond is a contract among at least three parties: the principal, the obligee, and the surety. Through this agreement, the surety agrees to make the obligee whole (usually by payment of money) if the principal defaults in its performance of its promise to the obligee. The contract is formed so as to induce the obligee to contract with the principal, i.e., to demonstrate the credibility of the principal.

There are two main categories of bond types: contract bonds and commercial bonds. Contract bonds guarantee a specific contract. Examples include performance, bid, supply, maintenance and subdivision bonds. Commercial bonds guarantee per the terms of the bond form. Examples include license & permit, union bonds, etc.

Suretyship bonds originated hundreds of years ago as a mechanism through which trade over long distance could be encouraged. They are frequently used in the construction industry: in order to obtain a contract to build the project, the general contractor must provide the owner a bond for its performance of the terms of the contract. Conversely, owners and contractors may also provide payment bonds to ensure that subcontractors and suppliers are paid for work done. Under the Miller Act, payment and performance bonds are required for general contractors on all U.S. federal government construction projects where the contract price exceeds $100,000.00.